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For other uses of the name Mount Sinai, see Mount Sinai (disambiguation).

Moses with the Ten Commandments by Rembrandt (1659)

The Biblical Mount Sinai is an ambiguously located mountain at which the Old Testament states that the Ten Commandments were given to Moses by God.http://home.aol.com/lazera/torah.htm In certain biblical passages these events are described as having transpired at Mount Horeb, but though there is a small body of opinion that Sinai and Horeb were different locations,Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica they are generally considered to have been different names for the same place.

Passages earlier in the narrative text than the Israelite encounter with Sinai indicate that the ground of the mountain was considered holy,Exodus 3:5 but according to the rule of Ein mukdam u\'meuchar baTorah -- "[There is] not \'earlier\' and \'later\' in [the] Torah," that is, the Torah is not authored in a chronological fashion, classical biblical commentators regard this as insignificant.Talmud, Pesachim 7a Some modern day scholars, however, who do not recognize the authority of the Oral Law, explain it as having been a sacred place dedicated to one of the Semitic deities, long before the Israelites had ever encountered it.Jewish Encyclopedia Some modern biblical scholars regard these laws as having originated in different time periods from one another, with the later ones mainly being the result of natural evolution over the centuries of the earlier ones, rather than all originating from a single moment in time.Peake\'s commentary on the BibleCheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica

In Classical rabbinical literature, Mount Sinai became synonymous with holiness;Yalkut (Psalms) 785 indeed, it was said that when the Messiah arrives, God will bring Sinai together with Mount Carmel and Mount Tabor, rebuild the Temple upon the combined mountain, and the peaks would sing a chorus of praise to God.Yalkut Isaiah 391 According to early aggadic midrash, Tabor and Carmel had previously been jealous of Sinai having been chosen as the place that the laws were delivered, but were told by God that they had not been chosen because only Sinai had not had idols placed upon itJewish Encyclopedia; according to the Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, God had chosen Sinai after discovering that it was the lowest mountain.Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, 14

Etymology

According to Hasidic tradition, the name of Sinai derives from sin-ah, meaning hatred, in reference to the other nations hating the Jews out of jealousy, due to the Jews being the ones to receive the divine lawsBreslov—Judaism with Heart. However, according to biblical scholars, Sinai is most likely to derive from the name of Sin, the semitic lunar deity.Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia BiblicaJewish EncyclopediaPeake\'s commentary on the Bible Horeb is thought to mean Glowing/Heat;Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica this seems to be a reference to the sun, and thus Sinai and Horeb would be the mountain of the moon and sun, respectively.Jewish EncyclopediaCheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica According to textual scholars, the name Sinai is only used in the Torah by the Jahwist and Priestly Source, whereas Horeb is only used by the Elohist and Deuteronomist.

Other names

Classical rabbinical literature mentions that the mountain having other names:

Har ha-Elohim, meaning the mountain of God or the mountain of the godsJewish Encyclopedia
Har Bashan, meaning the mountain of Bashan; however, Bashan is interpreted in rabbinical literature as here being a corruption of beshen, meaning with the teeth, and argued to refer to the sustenance of mankind through the virtue of the mountainJewish Encyclopedia
Har Gebnunim, meaning the mountain as pure as cheeseJewish Encyclopedia

Biblical description

According to the Biblical account of the law-giving, Sinai was enveloped in a cloud,Exodus 19:16 it quaked and was filled with smoke,Exodus 19:18 while lightning-flashes shot forth, and the roar of thunder mingled with the blasts of a trumpet;Exodus 19:16 the account later adds that fire was seen burning at the summit of the mountainExodus 24:17. Several scholars have indicated that it seems to suggest that Sinai was a volcanoPeake\'s commentary on the Bible, although there is no mention of ashibid; other scholars have suggested that the description fits a stormibid, especially as the Song of Deborah seems to allude to rain having occurred at the timeJudges 5:4-5, with the fire possibly being some natural plasma effect.

In the Biblical account, the fire and clouds are a direct consequence of the arrival of God upon the mountain.Exodus 19:20 In a midrash it is argued that God was accompanied by 22000 archangels, and 22000 divine chariots, and in order for all these to fit these onto the mountain, God made the mountain expand from its earlier sizeTanhuma Zaw 16. The biblical description of God\'s descentExodus 19:20 superficially seems to be in conflict with the statement shortly after that God spoke to the Israelites from heavenExodus 20:22; while textual scholars argue that these passages simply have come from different sources, the Mekhilta argues that God had lowered the heavens and spread them over SinaiMekhilta on Exodus 20:22, 4, and the Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer argues that a hole was torn in the heavens, and Sinai was torn away from the earth and the summit pushed through the hole.Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, 41

Location

Modern scholars differ as to the exact geographical position of Mount Sinai,Jewish Encyclopedia and the same has long been true of scholars of Judaism. The location intended would obviously have been known at some point, and the Elijah narrative appears to suggest that when it was written, the location of Horeb was still known with some certainty, as Elijah is described as travelling to Horeb on one occasion,1 Kings 19:8 but there are no later biblical references to it that suggest the location remained known; Josephus only specifies that it was within Arabia Petraea, and the Pauline Epistles are even more vague, specifying only that it was in Arabia, which covers most of the south-western Middle east.

The Sinai Peninsula

Saint Catherine\'s Monastery

The Sinai peninsula has traditionally been considered Sinai\'s location by Christians, although it should also be noted that the peninsula gained its name from this tradition, and was not called that in Josephus\' time or earlierJewish Encyclopedia. (The Sinai was earlier inhabited by the Monitu and was called Mafkat or Country of Turquoise.) In early Christian times, a number of anchorites settled on Mount Serbal, considering it to be the biblical mountain, and in the 4th century a monastery was constructed at its baseSinai. New Advent, The Catholic Encyclopedia.. Nevertheless, Josephus had stated that Mount Sinai was the highest of all the mountains thereabout,Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 2:12 which would imply that Mount Catherine was actually the mountain in question, if Sinai was to be sited on the Sinai peninsula at all;Jewish Encyclopedia in the 6th century, Saint Catherine\'s Monastery was constructed at the base of this mountain, leading to the abandonment of the monastery at Serbal, and two monks, allegedly in 300 AD^{[citation needed]}, claimed that one of the bushes in the monastic grounds was the biblical Burning Bush, and according to monastic tradition this bush still survives (rather than another having grown in its place).

Unlike these Christian traditions, Bedouin tradition considered Jabal Musa, which lies adjacent to Mount Catherine, to be the biblical mountain,Jewish Encyclopedia and it is this mountain that local tour groups and religious groups presently advertise as the biblical Mount Sinai; this claim goes back to the time of Helena of Constantinople^{[citation needed]}. Evidently this view was eventually taken up by Christian groups as well, as in the 16th century a church was constructed at the peak of this mountain, which was replaced by a Greek Orthodox chapel in 1954.

According to textual scholars, in the JE version of the Exodus narrative, the Israelites travel in a roughly straight line to Kadesh Barnea from the Yam Suph (literally meaning "the Reed Sea", but considered traditionally to refer to the Red sea), and the detour via the south of the Sinai peninsula is only present in the Priestly SourcePeake\'s commentary on the BibleRichard Elliott Friedman, Who wrote the Bible?. A number of scholars and commentators have therefore looked towards the more central and northern parts of the Sinai peninsula for the mountain. Sin Bishar, in the west-central part of the peninsula, was proposed to be the biblical Mount Sinai by Menashe Har-El, a biblical geographer at Tel Aviv UniversityMenashe Har-El, The Sinai Journeys: The Route of the Exodus. Mount Helal, in the north of the peninsula has also been proposed^{[citation needed]}. On the north-east of the peninsula is a mountain named Hasham el-Tarif, which The Exodus Decoded (a James Cameron-produced History Channel special) suggested was the correct location because in addition to its geographic site, it also has certain other features that make it suitable; there is a cleft that overlooks a natural amphitheatre at which the Israelites could have been addressed by Moses; there is a nearby plateau on which the large numbers of Israelites could camp, with enough foliage for their flocks to graze; and there is evidence of an ancient spring.

All of these locations are within modern Egypt, preventing archaeological excavation for any further evidence that might be present, because the Egyptian government closely guards, and often denies access to, any of the locations which may be related to Biblical history^{[citation needed]}. In the case of Hasham el-Tarif, there is the additional obstacle that it is very near the border with Israel, and thus is in a highly sensitive military zone.

Author Zacharia Sitchin, an proponent of the ancient astronaut theory for human origins, in his series of books entitled Earth Chronicles, refers to Mount Sinai as being in the Sinai peninsula and that its real importance lies in the fact that it was the spaceport of the Annunaki after the Great Flood.

Edom/Nabatea

The Siq, facing the Treasury, at the foot of Jebel al-Madhbah

Since Moses is described by the Bible as encountering Jethro, a Kenite who was a Midianite priest, shortly before encountering Sinai, this suggests that Sinai would be somewhere near their territory;Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia BiblicaPeake\'s commentary on the Bible the Kenites and Midianites appear to have resided east of the Gulf of AqabaCheyne and Black, Encyclopedia BiblicaPeake\'s commentary on the Bible. Additionally, the Song of Deborah, which textual scholars consider one of the oldest parts of the BiblePeake\'s commentary on the Bible, portrays God as having dwelt at Mount Seir, and seems to suggest that this equates with Mount SinaiJudges 5:4-5Jewish Encyclopedia; Mount Seir designates the mountain range in the centre of Edom.

Based on a number of local names and features, in 1927 Ditlef Nielsen identified the Jebel al-Madhbah (meaning mountain of the Altar) at Petra as being identical to the biblical Mount SinaiDitlef Nielsen, The Site of the Biblical Mount Sinai – A Claim for Petra (1927); since then, as well as a number of scholarsPeake\'s commentary on the Bible, a number of unqualified amateur investigators such as Graham PhillipsPhillips, Graham (April 2005). The Templars and the Ark of the Covenant: The Discovery of the Treasure of Solomon. Bear & Company. ISBN 1591430399. , Andrew Collins, and Chris Ogilvie-HeraldAndrew Collins & Chris Ogilvie-Herald, Mercy have also made the identification. The biblical description of a loud trumpet at SinaiExodus 19:16 fits the natural phenomena of the loud trumpeting sound caused by wind being funnelled down the Siq; the local Bedouins refer to the sound as the trumpet of God. The dramatic biblical descriptions of devouring fire on the summitExodus 24:17, would fit with the fact that there have been many reports and sightings of plasma phenomona at al-Madhbah over the centuries; the pre-requisite that storm conditions exist before plasma phenomona usually occur would fit with the storm-like biblical description of thunder, lightningExodus 19:16, and a thick cloud.Exodus 24:15

The valley in which Petra resides is known as the Wadi Musa, meaning valley of Moses, and at the entrance to the Siq is the Ain Musa, meaning spring of Moses; the 13th century Arab chronicler Numari stated was Ain Musa was the location where Moses had brought water from the ground, by striking it with his rod. The Jebel al-Madhbah was evidently considered particularly sacred, as the well known ritual building known as The Treasury is carved into its base, the mountain top is covered with a number of different altars, and over 8 metres of the original peak were carved away to leave a flat surface with two 8 metre tall obelisks sticking out of it; these obelisks, which frame the end of the path leading up to them, and are now only 6 metres tall, have lead to the mountain being colloquially known as Zibb \'Atuf, meaning penis of love in Arabic. Archaeological artifacts discovered at the top of the mountain indicate that it was once covered by polished shiny blue slate, fitting with the biblical description of paved work of sapphire stoneExodus 24:10; biblical references to sapphire are considered by scholars to be unlikely to refer to the stone called sapphire in modern times, as sapphire had a different meaning, and wasn\'t even mined, before the Roman eraCheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica, Hoshen. Unfortunately, the removal of the original peak has destroyed most other archaeological remains from the late Bronze Age (the standard dating of the Exodus) that might previously have been present.

Saudi Arabia

Instead of plasma effects, another possible naturalistic explanation of the biblical devouring fire is that Sinai could have been an erupting volcano; this has been suggested by Charles BekeCharles Beke, Mount Sinai, a Volcano (1873), Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud, Moses and Monotheism (1939), and Immanuel Velikovsky, among others. This possibility would exclude all the peaks on the Sinai peninsula and Seir, but would make a number of locations in north western Saudi Arabia reasonable candidates. In 1873, Charles Beke proposed that Sinai was the Jabal al-Nour (meaning mountain of light), a volcanic mountain at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba, and which has great significance in Islam for other reasonsCharles Beke, Mount Sinai, a Volcano (1873); Beke died during the following year, but posthumously retracted this identification four years later in favour of Jebel Baggir, with Horeb being argued to be a different mountain - the nearby Jebel ErtowaCharles Beke (deceased), Sinai in Arabia and of Median (1878). Beke\'s suggestions have not found as much scholarly support as the candidature of Hala-\'l Badr; the equation of Sinai with Hala-\'l Badr has been advocated by Alois Musil in the early 20th century, Jean Koenig in 1971Jean Koenig, Le site de Al-Jaw dans l\'ancien pays de Madian, and Colin Humphreys in 2003Colin Humphreys, The Miracles of Exodus: A Scientist\'s Discovery of the Extraordinary Natural Causes of the Biblical Stories, among others.

Assuming that Hrob is a corruption of Horeb, in the early 20th century Alois Musil and H. Philby independently proposed that Al-Manifa, near the Wadi al-Hrob in north western Saudi Arabia, was Mount Sinai^{[citation needed]}. A number of fundamentalist Christian apologists and untrained pseudoarchaeologists, including Howard BlumBlum, Howard. The Gold of Exodus. Where is Mount Sinai[1] and Ron Wyatt, have proposed instead that another volcano adjacent to Al-Manifa named Jabal al-Lawz was the Biblical Sinai. This claim has not been supported by any academically qualified biblical scholars or archaeologists, and indeed one member of the Israel Antiquities Authority described Wyatt\'s claims as being within the category of trash which one finds in tabloids such as the National EnquirerLetter from Joe Zias; the archaeological remains at the site are no earlier than the 2nd century BC, according to professional archaeologists.

The Negev

While equating Sinai with Petra would indicate that the Israelites journeyed in roughly a straight line from Egypt via Kadesh Barnea, and locating Sinai in Saudi Arabia would suggest Kadesh Barnea was skirted to the south, some scholars have wondered whether Sinai was much closer to the vicinity of Kadesh Barnea itself. Half way between Kadesh Barnea and Petra is Jabal Ideid, which Emmanuel Anati excavated, and discovered to have been a major paleolithic cult centre, with the surrounding plateau covered with shrines, altars, stone circles, stone pillars, and over 40,000 rock engravings; although the peak of religious activity at the site dates to 2350-2000 BC, the exodus is usually dated between 1600-1200 BC, and the mountain appears to have been abandoned between 1950-1000 BC, Anati proposed that Jabal Idead was equatable with biblical SinaiEmmanuel Anati, The riddle of Mount Sinai : archaeological discoveries at Har Karkom (2001)Mount Sinai has been found: Archaeological discoveries at Har Karkom. Other scholars have criticised this identification, as, in addition to being almost 1000 years too early, it also appears to require the wholesale relocation of the Midianites, Amalekites, and other ancient peoples, from the locations that the majority of scholars currently place them.